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Cement lines (reversal lines) are identified by their dark purple staining patterns with the gallocyanin stain.
Osteoblasts are classified as cuboidal, columnar, or ovoid shape with an adjacent juxtanuclear vacuoles or nuclear clear zone. The majority of these cells lay perpendicular to or lining the intima of the osteoid surface.
| Measurement | Units | Description |
| Bone volume (BV/TV) | % | Total area of cancellous bone (mineralized bone and osteoid in the section expressed as percentage of total area (TtAr) |
| Mineralized volume (MdV/TV) | % | Mineralized area (MdAr) minus osteoid area (OSAr) in the section expressed as percentage of total area (TtAr) |
| Osteoid volume(OV/TV) | % | Total area of osteoid tissue in the section expressed as percentage of total area of mineralized bone plus osteoid |
| Osteoid volume(OV/BV) | % | Total area of osteoid tissue in the section expressed as percentage of mineralized bone. |
| Measurement | Units | Description |
| Trabecular thickness (TbTh) |
µ | Estimated indirectly as twice the area to perimeter ratio times π/4 |
| Trabecular separation (TbSp) |
µm | Distance between edges of cancellous bone, calculated as TbTh (TV/BV-1) |
| Trabecular number (TbN) |
#/mm | Derived from formula: BV/TV x 10/TbTh |
| Wall thickness (WTh) |
µm | Mean distance between nearest reversal line (cement line) and bone marrow interface at any quiescent surface |
| Osteoid thickness (Oth) |
µ | Distance between the osteoid/bone interface and osteoid/marrow interface |
| Osteoid surface (OS) |
mm | Perimeter or length of osteoid seams in a given cancellous bone surface |
| Erosion surface (ER) |
mm | Perimeter or length of erosion lacuna in a given cancellous bone surface |
| Cuboidal osteoblasts (CuOb) |
mm | Total length of cuboidal osteoblasts adjacent to an osteoid seam |
| Osteoclasts (Oc) |
mm | Total length of osteoclasts adjacent to an erosion lacuna |
| Measurement | Units | Description | |
| Osteoid surface (OS/BS) |
% | Total perimeter or length of osteoid seams expressed as percentage of total cancellous bone perimeter | |
| Eroded surface (ER/BS) |
% | Total erosion lacunar surface expressed as percentage of total cancellous bone surface | |
| Osteoblast’s surface (ObS/BS) |
% | Total perimeter or length of adjacent “active” osteoblasts (cuboidal, columnar, or ovoid osteoblasts) expressed as percentage of total cancellous bone surface (BS) or osteoid surface (OS) | |
| Osteoclast’s surface (OcS/BS) |
% | Total length of adjacent osteoclasts expressed as percentage of total cancellous bone surface | |
| Osteoclast’s surface (OcS/NOS) |
% | Total length of adjacent osteoclasts expressed as percentage of total cancellous bone surface minus osteoid surface | |
| Mineralizing surface (MS/BS) |
% | Total length of double labels plus ½ single labels adjacent to osteoid seams expressed as percentage of total cancellous bone surface | |
| Mineralizing surface (MS/OS) |
% | Total length of double labels plus ½ single labels adjacent to osteoid seams expressed as percentage of total osteoid surface |
| Measurement | Units | Description |
| Mineral apposition rate (MAR) |
mcm/day | Mean distance between midpoints of two fluorescent markers divided by number of days between them |
| Adjusted apposition rate (AjAR) |
mcm/day | Mineral apposition rate multiplied by mineralizing surface (MS/OS, %) averaged over entire osteoid surface; rate of advance of demarcation zone averaged over entire osteoid seam surface |
| Osteoid maturation time (Omt) |
Days | Mean osteoid thickness divided by mineral apposition rate |
| Mineralization lag Time (Mt) |
Days | Period between first appearance of new osteoid moiety and its mineralization; equals time required for demarcation zone to advance a distance equal to osteoid thickness; calculated by dividing osteoid thickness by adjusted apposition rate |
| Formation period (FP) (also known as sigma-f (of) |
Days | Calculated as mean wall thickness divided by adjusted apposition rate (AjAR, µm/day); equals time required for demarcation zone to advance a distance to mean wall thickness |
| Bone formation rate, surface referent (BFR/BS) |
µm³µm²/ year | Total surface referent signifying how many µm³ of new bone made on each µm² cancellous bone surface each year |
| Bone formation rate, volume referent (BFR/BV) |
%/year | Total volume referent signifying how many µm³ of new bone is made on each µm³ of existing bone expressed as percent per year; equivalent for fractional turnover rate. |
| Bone formation rate, tissue referent (BFR/TV) |
%/year | Total tissue referent signifying how many µm³ of new bone is made per µm³ of total tissue expressed as percent per year. |
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